Anatomy of Fire Cider

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Created in the early 80s by herbalist Rosemary Gladstar, fire cider is a traditional herbal tonic that combines a base of raw, unfiltered apple cider vinegar and local honey infused with a variety of stimulating herbs and spices. The fiery concoction is designed to boost digestion, improve circulation and support overall immune function. It’s often used as a preventative measure during cold and flu season, as well as a therapy to help alleviate symptoms.

Over the years, fire cider has taken on a life of its own, gaining popularity among herbalists and natural health enthusiasts alike. It’s one herbal preparation I try to always keep on hand!

Free fire cider

In recent years, fire cider has become the subject of controversy over a trademark dispute. In 2012, a company trademarked the term “fire cider” and began to sell a commercial version of the remedy. This was met with backlash from the herbalist community, who argued that fire cider was a traditional remedy that belonged to the public domain.

In 2019, the trademark holders filed a lawsuit against three herbalists who were selling their own versions of fire cider under the same name. The herbalists argued that “fire cider” was a generic term used for decades by the herbalist community to refer to a type of herbal tonic and that no one could legally own the term. The controversy over fire cider sparked a larger conversation about the commodification of traditional knowledge and the importance of protecting traditional remedies from corporate ownership.

While Rosemary Gladstar was not directly involved in the lawsuit, she was an active supporter of the “Free Fire Cider” movement, which sought to keep the term “fire cider” in the public domain and prevent it from being trademarked. Gladstar advocated for the traditional use of common names for herbal remedies, rather than allowing them to be claimed as exclusive property by individuals or companies.

After two years of litigation and a strong public backlash, the lawsuit was dropped and the term “fire cider” was returned to the public domain — a huge victory for the herbalist community! 

An unusual oxymel

Fire cider is an acetic infusion made by steeping various herbs and spices in vinegar. The vinegar serves as a solvent (menstruum), extracting the beneficial compounds from the plant material and preserving them. 

Acetic infusions have been used in traditional medicine for centuries, particularly in Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). In Ayurveda, vinegar is believed to stimulate digestion, while in TCM, vinegar is thought to help balance the body’s energy and promote circulation.

Technically, fire cider could be considered a type of oxymel — a term for an herbal preparation that combines vinegar, honey and medicinal herbs or fruit. The word “oxymel” comes from the Greek words “oxy” meaning sour and “meli” meaning honey. Unlike most oxymels, however, fire cider contains a variety of pungent and spicy herbs like horseradish and cayenne pepper, which are not commonly found in your standard oxymel.

Deconstructing fire cider

Most fire cider recipes contain several key ingredients that are believed to be particularly beneficial, though fire cider can be adapted to suit your individual health goals and flavor preferences. Rosemary’s original recipe only contained horseradish, onion, garlic, cayenne and ginger steeped in ACV with honey. By design, it was intended to include ingredients commonly found in any kitchen:

Garlic (Allium sativum) is another key ingredient in fire cider and it brings a variety of health-promoting compounds to the mix. Raw garlic is rich in alliin, which is a sulfur-containing compound that is converted to allicin when raw garlic is crushed or chopped. Allicin responsible for garlic’s pungent aroma and potent antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties. It has been shown to support cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels and it may even have anticancer properties.

Other health-promoting compounds found in garlic include flavonoids and phenolic acids, which have antioxidant properties and may help protect against oxidative damage to cells. Garlic is also a good source of vitamins C and B6, as well as minerals like selenium and manganese, which are important for immune function and other physiological processes.

Onions (Allium cepa) contain a number of health-promoting compounds that contribute to the benefits of fire cider. Onions are rich in the flavonoid quercetin, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Quercetin has been shown to help reduce blood pressure and lower the risk of heart disease.


Onions contain several sulfur compounds, including alliin and allicin, which are also found in garlic. These compounds have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties and may help reduce the risk of certain cancers. Additionally, onions are a good source of vitamin C and are high in fiber. They’re also a good source of chromium, a mineral that helps regulate blood sugar levels and may be beneficial for people with diabetes.

Ginger root (Zingiber officinale) is a key ingredient in fire cider, contributing its spicy aroma and flavor as well as several health-promoting phenolic compounds. Gingerols are the main active component of ginger and have been shown to have a variety of health benefits, including reducing inflammation, improving digestion and alleviating nausea. Zingerone and shogaols contribute to ginger’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These volatile oils are formed when gingerols are heated or dried, but are also present in raw ginger in smaller quantities. Ginger also contains vitamin C, which is protective against cellular damage caused by free radicals.

Cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a key ingredient in fire cider and has been traditionally used for its health benefits. Cayenne pepper is a rich source of capsaicin, which gives it its spicy flavor and contributes anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving and antioxidant properties. Cayenne pepper also contains several carotenoids, including beta-carotene and lutein. These compounds have antioxidant properties and may help protect against certain chronic diseases. Alkaloids such as capsicine has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anticancer properties.

Cayenne pepper contains flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol, both of which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Cayenne pepper is also a good source of vitamin C, which is supportive of the immune system and helps protect against damage caused by free radicals.

Note that consuming large amounts of cayenne pepper can cause gastrointestinal distress and may interact with certain medications, so it should be consumed in moderation.

Horseradish root (Armoracia rusticana) is a pungent root vegetable that is commonly used in the preparation of fire cider. Horseradish contains high amounts of sinigrin, a glucosinolate that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. When horseradish is grated, its sinigrin is converted into allyl isothiocyanate (aka mustard oil), which gives it its tear-inducing pungent flavor.

Horseradish also contains phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid, which have antioxidant properties and may help protect against oxidative stress and inflammation. Horseradish is a good source of vitamin C and minerals such as calcium, potassium and magnesium, all of which are important for bone health, muscle function, and cardiovascular health.

Garlic MonographGinger Monograph Cayenne Monograph Horseradish Monograph

There is no shortage of variations you can try to customize your fire cider to your liking. The recipe we use most often incorporates things like turmeric, black peppercorns, citrus fruits, cranberries and sometimes pine needles and a bit of hibiscus for color:

Turmeric root (Curcuma longa) is a popular spice that is often used in traditional medicine for its numerous health benefits. Curcumin is a bright yellow pigment and the most active compound in turmeric root, contributing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. 

Turmerone is another compound with anti-inflammatory properties. It has also been studied for its potential to improve cognitive function. Zingiberene is a terpene found in both turmeric and ginger that gives them their characteristic aroma. It’s been shown to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Turmeric root contains several other curcuminoids, such as demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, which have similar properties to curcumin.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum), is a common ingredient in fire cider and contributes its own unique health-promoting compounds. Piperine is an alkaloid found in black pepper that gives it its characteristic pungent flavor. Studies suggest that piperine has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor properties. It also helps to increase the bioavailability of your turmeric’s curcumin by inhibiting certain enzymes in the liver and gut that break down and eliminate curcumin before it can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Black pepper also contains volatile oils such as pimonene, pinene and caryophyllene, which contribute antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties. These oils also have a warming effect that can stimulate digestion and circulation.

Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) bring a tart flavor to fire cider and offer several potential health benefits. They are rich in antioxidants, particularly the flavonoids quercetin, myricetin and kaempferol, which help protect the body against oxidative stress and support overall health. They're a good source of vitamins C and E and minerals such as manganese.

Cranberries also support urinary tract health due to the presence of proanthocyanidins that may help prevent the adhesion of certain bacteria to the urinary tract walls.

Pine needles (Pinus spp.) contain vitamin C, flavonoids and phenolic acids, which are potent antioxidants that can help protect the body from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals. Another compound in pine needles is pinene, which is a volatile oil that gives pine needles their distinct aroma. Pinene is also known for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic (pain-relieving) properties, making it a useful addition to fire cider for those dealing with inflammation or pain.

Consuming pine needles in large quantities or for extended periods can cause digestive distress, headache and other symptoms, so keep moderation in mind when deciding how many pine needles to add to your fire cider.

Turmeric Monograph Black Pepper Monograph Cranberry Monograph Pine Monograph

These are a few of my favorite fire cider ingredients, but it’s by no means an exhaustive list. Other optional add-in to consider include: 

dried elderberries, lemon wheels, rose hips, burdock root, hawthorn berries, cinnamon chips/sticks, parsley, cilantro, echinacea, astragalus root, rosemary, lavender, dandelion root, thyme, pineapple, experiment with different types of peppers… 

The list of possibilities goes on and on. You do you.

These ingredients are typically chopped, grated or pulsed in a food processor (open all those doors and windows!) then combined with raw apple cider vinegar and allowed to infuse for several weeks.

Raw, unfiltered apple cider vinegar is probiotic and contains beneficial bacteria and yeasts that are believed to support gut health and immunity. It also contains the enzymes amylase and lipase, which supports digestion. ACV contains various polyphenols, including catechin, epicatechin and chlorogenic acid, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. ACV also contains minerals such as potassium, calcium and magnesium, which are important for nerve and muscle function and bone health.

Some of these health-promoting compounds may be reduced or eliminated if the ACV is heated or pasteurized, so be sure to look for raw, unfiltered ACV to maximize your fire cider’s health benefits.

After the herbs have had a chance to do their thing in the vinegar, the fire cider is sweetened with raw honey to taste. Unlike most empty-calorie sweeteners, raw honey is full of beneficial things. It’s a good source of nutrients, including B vitamins iron, calcium and magnesium. It also contains a number of enzymes that aid digestion and help to break down food. Raw honey has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can protect the body against free radical damage and help to reduce inflammation. It has also demonstrated antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, which can help to fight infections.

The resulting tonic is a potent blend of spicy, tangy flavors and health-boosting compounds. Use it in marinades and salad dressings. Take it prophylactically during the winter months to help keep your immune system optimized. Take it daily at the onset of a cold or flu.

Storage & spoilage

Fire cider may be stored at room temperature, preferably in a cool and dark place. The acidic nature of apple cider vinegar helps preserve the ingredients and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria. If you made an extra large batch or are not using your fire cider often enough, refrigeration can help prolong its shelf life, especially if you used a lot of citrus, berries and “juicy” ingredients.

Regardless of the storage method, it’s always a good idea to regularly check the aroma, taste and appearance of your fire cider. Trust your senses. If you notice any signs of spoilage, such as mold or an off-putting smell, discard the fire cider and make a fresh batch.


Do you make fire cider? 

Tell us about your favorite ingredients and how you like to use it! 

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Redhead’s Fire Cider


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Ingredients

Scale

6 garlic cloves, sliced

1 medium red onion, roughly chopped

23” piece of fresh ginger, sliced

12 fresh cayenne peppers, chopped (substitute any hot pepper)

1/4 c fresh horseradish, chopped

1/4 c fresh turmeric, chopped

1 T black peppercorns

1 medium blood orange, sliced into wheels

1/4 c fresh or frozen cranberries

a few hibiscus flowers (optional for color)

handful, fresh pine needles

pinch, high-mineral salt

raw, unfiltered apple cider vinegar

raw, local-to-you honey


Instructions

  1. In a 1-quart (32-oz) mason jar, combine all ingredients, except the honey, adding the vinegar last. As long as everything is washed and clean, there’s no need to peel any of the roots.
  2. Allow the mixture to infuse for 2 weeks, shaking daily.
  3. When 2 weeks are up, strain out the solids using a fine mesh strainer or nut milk bag. Discard or compost the plant matter.
  4. Add the honey, mixing well to combine; shake before use.

Notes

May be stored at room temperature in a cool, dark location; store in the fridge for longest shelf life.

Recipe may be doubled to fill a 2-quart (64-oz) mason jar.

Take 1-2 tablespoons mixed in a glass of water daily as a health tonic.

Disclaimer:

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The content on redheadedherbalist.com is for educational and entertainment purposes only. It is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Claims made on this website have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.

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